ZOOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY DESCRIPTION
ZOO 102: INTRODUCTORY ZOOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101
A study of the animal kingdom with cellular components and continuing through to the higher forms in the animal kingdom. Special considerations will include cytology, morphology, physiology and ecology with emphasis on a comparative approach to the study of systemic organization.
ZOO 161: ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101.
Population, community, ecosystem, environment and environmental factors. Study of communities and ecosystem, density, yield, cover, frequency. The ecology of niche, niche, overlap completion coexistency, resource shift. Habitats: The primary terrestrial and aquatic habitat which affect man. Alteration imposed on the habitats by man. Integration of ecology and environment into development planning. Ecological management. Ecodevelopment and integrated development. Environmental planning principles – inter-disciplinary not multidisciplinary, holistic, comprehensive, participative coordinated, integrated and continuous planning
ZOO 201: INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101, 102: ZOO 102
General characteristics, organization, classification, inter relationships, life history, adaptations, economic importance of the invertebrate phyla with selected examples from Protozoa to Arthropoda.
ZOO 202: CHORDATE ZOOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 102, 201
General characteristics organization comparative morphology and anatomy, classification range of from, origin, evolution, relationship and general biology of the Prochordates, Pisces, Amphibian, Reptiles, Aves Sand Mammalian.
ZOO 212: GENERAL CYTOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 102
Light, phase-contrast, dark-field and electron microscopy, autoradiography, florescence, cell cycle, introductory cytogenetics. Detailed structure and functions of tissue and organs of vertebrates, histological techniques.
ZOO 222: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHEOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ.BIO 102, 261.
Definition of environment and science; consideration to human species, human needs; nature and interaction of above factors; material assets and cultural heritage. Sustainability relationship of environmental planning with other environmental disciplines as a process and activity oriented
ZOO 282: INTRODUCTORY PARASITOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Introductory course on parasites as they concern man, livestock and plants. A simple survey and classification of protozoa, helminthes and their biology, geographical distribution, prevention, control and economic importance.
ZOO 385: THE BIOLOGY OF TROPICAL PARASITES: (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 282.
Classification, adaptation morphology. Anatomy, life cycle and other features of interest in the protozoans, plathyhelminthes, nematodes and parasites arthropods; drawing particular attention to the various adaptions to the drawing of life exhibited by selected members of the group.
ZOO 303: VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ BIO 102, ZOO 202.
Vertebrate systematic, evolution and functional anatomy, Geographical distribution of recent vertebrates: Nigerian Vertebrate Fauna.
ZOO 315: PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ.ZOO 212.
Problems and Processes of Development Gene-activity, in cogenesis. Cytoplasmic localization in the nature egg. Gastrulation and Cell interactions. Cellular and molecular basis of embroyologenesis. Issue interactions in development. The significance of placenta and the development of immunity.
ZOO 316: HISTOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 201, ZOO 212.
The Cellular basis of tissue formation. Cell Communication. Stability of the differentiated state. The formation, distribution, structure and function of vertebrate tissues. The organization of the tissue into organ system.
ZOO 321: GENETICS & IMMUNOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101, ZOO 102
The immune response, structure of antigens antigenic determinants of Cellular response, structure and classification of immunoglobulin and antibodies, mechanisms and theories of antibody interactions, role of lymphoid tissue and thymus in immune response, immunological tolerance, complement system, hypersensitivity, allergic reaction, therapeutic, and prophylactic application of immunology. Study of human genetics, pedigree analysis, further consideration of various genes from basic principles, Gene interaction.
ZOO 331: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 201 AND 202
The principles of physiology in animals, functional interrelationship of the different organ systems in animals, metabolic processes, control system, reproduction, heredity and adaptation, principles of animal behavior, relaxes, sense organs, stimuli, biological rhythms, instinct, learning conflict behaviour in animals form invertebrates to vertebrates.
ZOO 361: NIGERIA ANIMAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 201 AND 202
General survey of local mollusks arthropods and all vertebrates, fishes, amphibian, reptile, aves and mammals. The subdivision of earth into zoologeographic regions off the transition zone. The distribution of plants and animals and the sentimental drift, animal and plant distribution. The effect of man on the distribution of plant and animals.
ZOO 371: INTRODUCTION TO INSECTS AND OTHER ARTHROPODS (3 CREDITS)
Introduction to insects and their economic importance. Dimensions of Entomology and relationship of different areas to other fields. Over view of characteristics of insects and other arthropods. Insect diversity and abundance with emphasis on adaptations and success. Overview of the biology of insects including habits and life cycles. Principles of insect classification. Discussion of the roles of both beneficial and detrimental insects.
ZOO 373: ENTOMOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (3 CREDITS)
Temporary and permanent preparation of arthropods, staining, preservation, use of reagents and dissection of insects, sampling techniques in entomology. Collection and preservation of insects.
ZOO 381: PARASITOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 201, ZOO 202 AND 282
Temporary and permanent preparation of materials, staining, preservation. Examination of hosts for parasites, use of different reagents, parasite storage, collection and preservation of animal parasites.
ZOO 383: MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 201 AND 282
Identification, biology and significance of parasites in transmission and causation of human diseases and domestic animals. The vectors of parasites and their capabilities, control of parasitic vectors of human diseases and diseases of domestic animals – birds, mammals, etc.
ZOO 399: GENERAL INDUSTRIAL TRAINING (6 CREDITS)
ZOO 411: VERTEBRATE ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
(3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202
A study of the developmental stages of the vertebrate classes, problems and processes of development. Gene activities in or genesis, cytoplasmic localization in mature egg, gastrulating, cell interactions cleavage and organogenesis, cellular and molecular basis of embryogenesis. Tissue interactions in development. The significance of the placenta and the development of immunity.
ZOO 414- HYDROBIOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 201, 202, BOT 201, BIO 261
Principles of aquatic biology reference to limnology. Water as an environment for life the marine brackish- water/ estuarine and fresh water environments. Physical and chemical factors, communities, colonization and succession, production, distribution adaptation and interrelationship. Tropic relations and energy glow, influence on aquatic communities and pollution.
ZOO 430: COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 212 AND 331
A study of the structure, functions and production sites of hormones, the role of hormones in integrative mechanisms of vertebrates and invertebrates.
ZOO 431: NERVOUS CO-ORDINATION: RECEPTORS AND CONDUCTORS (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 232, AND 331
A study of the structure, functions and production sites of hormones, the role of hormones in integrative mechanisms of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Comparative structures and function of photoreceptors, mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors, the structure and function of the nervous system in animal.
ZOO 432: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 321 AND 331
Stages in animal development-cleavage, morphogenesis, differentiation and growth phases in animals repairs, aging and death.
ZOO 433: METABOLISM OF CELLS (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 331
The cellular environment, exchange of materials, cell chemistry, intracellular and extracellular digestion, anabolism catabolism.
ZOO 434: HUMAN REPRODUCTION (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 102, AND ZOO 331
Oogenesis, oestrous cycle and its controlling mechanisms, spermatogenesis, physiological basic of ovulation, fertilization and pregnancy, birth, lactation and role hormones, family planning, infertility, sex problems, inheritance of genotype, blood group, rhesus groups, sex chromosomal abnormalities, sex-linked inheritance, population genetics.
ZOO 435: THE MOLECULES OF LIFE (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 232, ZOO 331
The biochemistry of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acid, vitamins, minerals and water.
ZOO 436: MECHANICS OF MOTION (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 202, ZOO 331
Skeletal structures in animals, structure and function of bone, cartilage, tendon and ligament, physiology of muscle fibre and entire muscle, chemistry muscular contraction, host production, types of muscle, form and work of muscles, bone muscle systems, mechanics of body support, velocity and lever arms; curvilinear and rotational motion effort, energy and efficiency; potential and kinetic energy.
ZOO 437: TRANSPORT, EXCRETION AND HOMEOSTASIS (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 331
Transport systems and mechanism in animals, the pathway of circulation in animals; the blood, plasma and lymphatic systems; oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, control of circulation. Excretion and homeostasis in animals.
ZOO 438: RESPIRATION (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 331
Gas exchange in terrestrial and aquatic animals, control of gas exchange in vertebrates, respiratory quotient, respiratory pigment, physiology of respiratory disorders.
ZOO 441: FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 301, 341
Classification, morphology, life history and distribution of main groups of fishes, food feeding habits, breeding migration and population dynamics of freshwater, marine and brackish water fishes, marine and fresh water fisheries development, principles and management of aquaculture factors promoting types of aquaculture, principles and techniques of fish, shrimps and mollusk culture, processing and marketing and importance of objectives of aquaculture in the developing countries.
ZOO 442: FISH AND FISHERIES IN NIGERIA (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 301, 331
General survey of fishes in Africa with particular reference to cichlids, catfishes and cyprinids, food and feeding habits, reproduction and habitat relationship of the various fish species.
ZOO 443: FISH ANATOMY, SYSTEMATIC AND PHYSIOLOGY
(3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 301, 331; 341
Study of homeostatic mechanism in the areas of ionic and osmotic regulations, excretion, circulation, respiration, metabolism and body temperature regulation plus the gross anatomy of the various organs. Classification of fish species based on various parameters, comparative features and characteristics of various species of fish.
ZOO 444: FISH CULTURE AND FARMING TECHNIQUES (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 301, 331; 341
Principles and techniques in the culture of fish, shrimp,, calms mollusks and other related organisms, importance of fish farming, water for fish farm, different kind of fish culture in floating cages, rice fields, deep sea fishing and legal aspects of sea farming, fish seed multiplication, care of fish larvae and fingerlings.
ZOO 445: FISH CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 301
Treatment of fish before storage cutting, heading bleeding and washing conservation and refrigeration deep freezing, salting, drying, smoking fish room installation, spoilage in fish, quality control in fish industry, effect of storage on protein denaturation and lipid changes in fish muscles, natural conservation of fish, economics of conservation of fish.
ZOO 446: MARINE AND INLAND FISHERIES (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 202, 301, 331; 341
Distribution and abundance of major marine and inland fisheries in Africa. Factors affecting marine and inland fisheries resources development in Nigeria. Review selected species of commercial importance.
ZOO 448: FISHING VESSELS AND GEAR (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 301, 442
Descriptive study of fishing vessels, operation, care, maintenance and repair, gear materials, types of textile fibres, numbering systems, physical characteristics, testing procedure, advantages of specific gear sheet, netting elementary hydrodynamics.
ZOO 461: ANIMAL ECOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 261, 361
Animal communities and position among living organisms, interaction between animals including man and environment, the concept of ecosystem to analyze the impact of environmental management, restoration of environmental equilibrium, energy crisis and mortality in environmental conservation.
ZOO 462: WILDLIFE ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 261, 361
Dynamics of wildlife population, techniques of wildlife investigation, principles of wildlife management, the wildlife resources of Nigeria, conservation policies, problems and prospects, wildlife resources differences in values, management philosophies and traditions.
ZOO. 467: ENTOMOLOGY ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR (3 CREDITS)
Analysis of biotic and physical factors affecting insect diversity, distribution and abundance and insect populations. Life table and strategies in reproduction, behavior and social organization in insects. Natural communities and succession of plants and insects, diversity and stability. The principle of animal behavior using insects as examples. Physiology, mechanisms, behavioral ecology and-evolution of insect behavior.
ZOO.471: ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY/PESTICIDE TOXICOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
Investigation of diversity and roles on insects in natural and affected environments. Impacts of insects and pesticides on environmental quality. The role of insect in ecosystem engineering. Discussion of environmental ethics in entomological sciences.
ZOO.472: INTRODUCTORY INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
(3 CREDITS)
Principles of insects damage, populations and distribution. Various types of natural and applied control methods, including problems of insecticides toxicity, resistance and residues.
ZOO. 473: INSECT STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
The origin of tagmata and fundamental plan of the insect body. Comparative study of the morphology of integument and body region-head, thorax, abdomen and their appendages. Introductory study of internal anatomy- the nervous, respiratory, circulatory, digestive and reproductive systems. Insect embryonic development and metamorphosis, including life cycle with reference to larval/nymphal and pupal forms. Principles of insect classification, discussion of general characteristics of orders of insects with emphasis on selected families of some major Nigeria groups with economic importance. Respiratory exchange and physiology and energy metabolism, Neuro-endocrine control of growth and development.
ZOO 474: INSECT ECOLOGY AND SYSTEMATIC (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. ZOO 331 AND 371
Life histories of the principal groups, modes of reproduction, movement, protection, communication and behaviour inter-relations with physical and biotic environment, parasitism transmission of disease, predation and pollination. Insect benefits and injuries to man, their control and their role in the history of man. Systematic techniques/taxonomy.
ZOO. 475: AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
Definition of a pest, origin of pest situations, classification of pests. Outline of insects control methods. Historical highlights on insecticidal control of insects, classification of chemical insecticides, types of insecticide formulations. Characteristics of an ideal insecticide, factors for consideration in insecticidal control. Types of insecticides and their mode of action, insect resistance to insecticides. Physical and mechanical methods of insect control. Cultural methods of insect control. Biological control. Host plant resistance as a measure of insect control. Genetic manipulation of insect populations, insect sterilization and control. Integrated pest management (IPM). Discussion of selected important insect pest in Nigeria and their control.
ZOO 476: VETERINARY AND FORENSIC MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY
(3 CREDITS)
Biology and behavior of insects, mites and ticks attacking livestock, poultry, pets, man, wildlife. Emphasis on identification and current methods will be discussed. An overview of principles, procedures and concepts of forensic and investigative sciences. Definitions, scope and use of tools, techniques and protocols in forensic applications. Uses of insects and other arthropods in investigations of human and animal death, thefts, illegal drug trade and in court-of-law proceedings that may result from such investigations.
ZOO. 481: PARASITIC PROTOZOA (3 CREDITS)
Taxanomy, form and structure, life cycle, pathology, adaptation, physiology, biochemistry, epidemiology, economic importance and control of parasitic protozoa of humans and animals illustrated with selected examples from Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora and Sporozoa.
ZOO. 483: HELMINTHOLOGY I (3 CREDITS)
Taxanomy, form and structure, lifecycle, pathology, adaptation, physiology, biochemistry, epidemiology, economic importance and control of platyhelminths of humans and animals illustrated with examples from Aspidogatrea (Aspidobothrea), Trematoda and Cestoidea.
ZOO. 485: HELMINTHOLOGY II (3 CREDITS)
Taxanomy, form and function, life cycle, pathology, adaptation, physiology, biochemistry, epidemiology, economic importance and control of parasitic Nematodes, Acanthocephala and Annelida, of humans and animals and plants illustrated with selected examples.
ZOO.487: PARASITIC ARTHROPODS (3 CREDITS)
Taxanomy, forms and structure, life history, habits, adaptation, pathology,economic importance and control of parasitic Arthropods illustrated with examples from Crustacea, insect, and Pentastomida. Role of arthropods as vectors of human and animal diseases. Myiasis.
ZOO 482: ECOLOGY OF ANIMAL PARASITES (3 CREDITS)
Quantitative description of animal parasite populations and communities prevalence, density, intensity of infection, abundance and mean abundance, types of populations and communities, infra-and inter-specific relations within a host, dipersion of parasites within a host-parasite system population changes within intermediate and definitive hosts.
ZOO 484: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH PARASITOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
Epidemiological methods, health related aspects of community development- water supply, sanitation and disposal of waste matter, Epidemiology and control of water and food borne infections. Epidemiology and control of zoonoses. Administration and cultural aspects of communicable diseases, focal nature of parasitic infections, epidemiology of parasites, models of host-parasite systems and the control of parasitic diseases.
ZOO 486: PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PARASITE
(3 CREDITS)
Composition, nutrition, host finding mechanisms, physiology of the infectious process-excystement, hatching, esctieatment. Host nutrition and parasite physiology, oxygen relations, carbondioxide utilization, energy metabolism, active transport, phosphorylation. Reproductive physiology and biochemistry of parasites illustrated with examples from protozoans and helminths.
ZOO 488:TOPICAL ISSUES IN PARASITOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
Immunology of animal parasites, including parasites’ responses to host immune reactions, Host specificity, neglected and emerging parasitic diseases, climate change and parasitism, evolution of parasitism..
ZOO 490: SEMINAR (1 CREDIT)
Literature research/review on a selected topic under staff guidance written up and presented in class and finally submitted as a dissertation.
ZOO 499: PROJECT (4 CREDITS)
Short research project involving an investigation on a selected zoological problem. The project is to be written up in the form of a scientific report or paper.
5.0 COURSE DESCRIPTION (GENERAL COURSES)
BIO 101: GENERAL BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. O/LEVEL BIOLOGY
Cell structure and organization of cellular organelles, diversity, characteristics and classification of living things, general reproduction, interrelationship of organisms, heredity and evolution, elements of ecology and types of habitat.
BIO 102: GENERAL BIOLOGY II
PRE REQ. BIO 101
Generalized survey of plant and animal kingdoms based mainly on the study of similarities and differences in the external features and ecological adaptation of these forms.
BIO 103 GENERAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL
General Concepts of Biology, Classification: Diversity of Plant habit animal classification, Microscopy use of microscope, Observing different cell types under the Microscopy, Measurement of object under the Microscopy
Food & digestion, Food test, Action of digestive Enzymes
Transportation in living organism, Diffusion, osmosis, plasmolysis & turgidity.
BIO 104 GENERAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL II
Plant studies –flowering plants, the roots, leaf, flower, fruit & seeds;
Animal studies – Objective of study, invertebrates, vertebrates, Dissection of vertebrates.
Ecology studies – Organism and their habitats, Ecological instruments, Studies of human impact on ecosystem.
BIO 201: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Microscope, preparation of temporary and permanent microscope slides. Photometry, colorimetry, chromatography, conductometry and experimental design. Collection and preservation of biological specimen form terrestrial and aquatic habitats.
BIO 203: INTRODUCTION TO CELL BIOLOGY
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Detailed study of cell and cell organelles including their ultrastructure. General structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, crytology and cytochemical methods, cytoplasm and cytoplasm organelles, variation in chromosome, morphology and number, polyploidy and mutations.
BIO 212: SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Bio systematic approach to the classification of organisms and nomenclature. Internationally recognized nomenclature of classification of organisms.
BIO 232: GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Structure, properties and organization of matter. Thermodynamics and energy reactions. Physiological importance of organic and inorganic molecules. Movement of substances in and out of cell: movement in plants and animals.
BIO 251: GENERAL GENETICS (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Historical background and model works. Basic terminologies, chemical nature of the gene and gene interactions. Hereditable and non-hereditable characteristics. Sex determination, inheritance in population, multiple allele; sex linkage, mutations; molecular basis of inheritance (DNA, RNA) and protein synthesis). The concept and theory of evolution, variation and natural selection. Aspects of human genetics and common genetic diseases.
BIO 261: INTRODUCTORY ECOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 101 AND 102
Definition of basic concepts. Environmental factors: abiotic and biotic factors of terrestrial and aquatic habitats, energy flow and nutrient cycling in various ecosystem. Major biomes of the world. Population parameters, basic sampling techniques for both plants and animals.
BIO 306: SOIL SCIENCE (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 261
Physical and chemical nature of soil; soil profile and soil classification. Plant-soil water relationships; Detritus organisms, cycling of nutrients, nutrients pools.
BIO 361: PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY AND FIELD COURSE (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 261
The ecosystem concept, community attributes and species diversity, community metabolism and community dynamics. Local biotic communities, man and his environment. Extensive filed work and written reports. Sampling techniques from plants. Animals and environmental facts in local terrestrial and aquatic habitat, field trips and assessment by report.
BIO 401: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 102, 203
Biogenesis of microtubules, microfilament, golgi body and mitochondria. Membrane – membrane interactions. Introduction to biogenetics and thermodynamics.
BIO 461: CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 261, AND 361
Development of conservation movement, scope of conservation, strategy for conservation, man, nature and resources, principles of conservation and resource use, protected ecosystem and land spaces, grasslands and production, sea and its mineral and biological resources, pollution, environmental limits of man’s economic growth.
BIO 462: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 361
The human environmental- land, water and air, impact of man’s activities and their effects on the fauna and flora. Environmental mutagens and carcinogens. Management of human environment including solid waste disposal.
BIO 463: AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGY (3 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 306
Relevance of ecological concepts in agriculture. Energy flow and the study of ecosystems. Biological efficiency, and facts involved in plant and animal interaction, parasitism and predation, grazing, nutrient cycle, ecological significance of disease, parasites and pests. Productivity of agricultural systems. Contribution and consequence including pollution by agriculture to man and his environment.
BIO 465: CLIMATOLOGY (2 CREDITS)
PRE REQ. BIO 361 AND 306
Trend and concepts in climatology, energy and water, earth and its atmosphere, climatic changes, the general circulation of he atmosphere, weather and climate in the tropics and temperature lands.